B.Sc. Physical Science Syllabus 2024-2026 – Gurugram University (GU) | NEP 2020 | Semester 1 & 2

Mechanics (CC-1 | 240/PHYP/CC101) — 4 Credits | 100 Marks (25 Internal Theory + 50 External Theory + 5 Practical Internal + 20 Practical External) | Duration: 3 hrs. This course introduces the foundational principles of classical mechanics, rotational dynamics, oscillations, gravitation, and special relativity. Unit I: Laws of Motion and Frames of Reference — Newton's laws of motion and their applications, inertial and non-inertial frames of reference, fictitious forces including Coriolis force and centrifugal force, conservation of linear momentum, work-energy theorem, conservative and non-conservative forces, potential energy, conservation of energy. Unit II: Rotational Motion — Angular momentum and torque, moment of inertia of rigid bodies, theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes, equations of motion for rigid body rotation, gyroscopic effects, precession of gyroscope, rolling motion without slipping. Unit III: Oscillations and Waves — Simple harmonic motion, damped oscillations, forced oscillations and resonance, quality factor, superposition of oscillations, Lissajous figures, transverse and longitudinal waves, wave equation, principle of superposition, standing waves, beats. Unit IV: Gravitation and Special Theory of Relativity — Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Newton's law of gravitation, gravitational potential and field, escape velocity, satellite motion. Special Theory of Relativity: Michelson-Morley experiment, postulates of special relativity, Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, relativistic mass, mass-energy equivalence (E = mc²).

Calculus (CC-2 | 240/MAT/CC101) — 4 Credits | 100 Marks (25 Internal Theory + 50 External Theory + 5 Practical Internal + 20 Practical External) | Duration: 3 hrs. This course develops analytical thinking through differential and integral calculus, multivariable functions, and ordinary differential equations. Unit I: Differential Calculus — Limits and continuity, differentiability, successive differentiation, Leibnitz theorem, Rolle's theorem, mean value theorems (Lagrange and Cauchy), Taylor's series and Maclaurin's series, indeterminate forms and L'Hôpital's rule, curvature and radius of curvature, asymptotes. Unit II: Functions of Several Variables — Partial derivatives, total differential, composite functions and chain rule, Euler's theorem on homogeneous functions, implicit differentiation, maxima and minima of functions of two variables, Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers, Jacobians. Unit III: Integral Calculus — Definite integrals and properties, improper integrals, beta and gamma functions and their properties, double integrals, change of order of integration, triple integrals, application of integrals to area and volume. Unit IV: Ordinary Differential Equations — First-order ODEs: separable variables, exact equations, integrating factors, linear first-order equations. Higher-order linear differential equations with constant coefficients: complementary function and particular integral, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy-Euler equation, applications to simple physical problems.

Chemistry-I (CC-3 | 240/CHEP/CC101) — 4 Credits | 100 Marks (25 Internal Theory + 50 External Theory + 5 Practical Internal + 20 Practical External) | Duration: 3 hrs. This course covers atomic structure and periodic properties, chemical bonding, basic organic chemistry with stereochemistry, and fundamentals of quantum mechanics. Unit I: Atomic Structure and Periodic Properties — Quantum numbers, Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles, Hund's rules of maximum multiplicity. Periodic classification of elements into s, p, d & f block elements and electronic configuration, screening effect, effective nuclear charge and Slater's rules. Discussion and trends of atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity (Pauling's / Mulliken's / Allred Rachow's scale) for representative elements. Unit II: Chemical Bonding — Ionic Bonding: lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle, ionic radii. Metallic Bonding: conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. Weak forces: Van der Waals forces, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, induced dipole, instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding. Covalent Bonding: Valence bond theory and its limitations, hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions (BeF₂, BF₃, CH₄, PF₅, SF₆, IF₇, SO₄²⁻, ClO₄⁻, NO₃⁻). Unit III: Basic Organic Chemistry and Stereochemistry — Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements: inductive, electromeric, resonance and mesomeric effects, hyperconjugation. Reaction intermediates: carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, arynes and nitrenes. Stereochemistry: types of isomerism, optical isomerism, elements of symmetry, optical activity, enantiomers, diastereomers, meso compounds, racemic mixture and resolution. D/L designation, geometric isomerism (cis-trans, E/Z nomenclature), conformational analysis of ethane, n-butane, and cyclohexane. Unit IV: Quantum Mechanics — Planck's black body radiation, photoelectric effect, Bohr's theory, de Broglie postulate, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Schrödinger's wave equation, postulates of quantum mechanics, normalized and orthogonal wave functions, significance of Ψ². Particle in one-dimensional box, radial and angular wave functions for hydrogen atom, radial probability distribution, energy spectrum of hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals. Practical: Titrimetric analysis, chromatographic separation of metal ions (Ni/Co, Fe/Al), sublimation, organic preparations (bromination, nitration), determination of boiling and melting points, surface tension and viscosity measurements.

Basics of Instrumentation Skills (SEC-1 | 240/PHYP/SE101) — 3 Credits | 75 Marks (15 Internal Theory + 35 External Theory + 5 Practical Internal + 20 Practical External) | Duration: 3 hrs. This Skill Enhancement Course introduces students to the fundamental principles of scientific instruments, measurement techniques, and laboratory practices used in physics experiments. Unit I: Measurements and Errors — Units and dimensions, significant figures, accuracy and precision, types of errors (systematic, random, and gross errors), error propagation in calculations, mean and standard deviation, introduction to least squares fitting and graphical representation of data. Unit II: Electrical Measuring Instruments — Galvanometer, ammeter, voltmeter, multimeter, Wheatstone bridge, potentiometer, principle and use of CRO (cathode ray oscilloscope), measurement of voltage, frequency, and phase using CRO. Unit III: Signal Generators and Electronic Instruments — Function generators, signal generators, use of signal generators in circuits, LCR meter, frequency counter, digital instruments, introduction to data acquisition systems, sensors and transducers (thermistor, photodiode, strain gauge). Unit IV: Optical and Miscellaneous Instruments — Spectrometer and its use, wavelength measurement, Vernier callipers, screw gauge, spherometer, introduction to vacuum systems and pressure gauges, basics of scientific writing and data recording in laboratory notebooks. Practical: Use of vernier callipers and screw gauge, CRO measurements, potentiometer experiments, bridge circuits, measurement of resistance/capacitance, graph plotting and error analysis.

Human Values and Ethics (VAC-1 | 240/ENG/VA101) — 2 Credits | 50 Marks (15 Internal + 35 External) | Duration: 3 hrs. This Value Added Course develops an understanding of human values, ethical principles, professional ethics, and the role of values in personal and social life. Unit I: Introduction to Human Values — Concept and classification of values, intrinsic and instrumental values, personal and social values, sources of values, role of family, society, and education in shaping values, value crisis in modern times. Unit II: Ethics and Moral Philosophy — Meaning and scope of ethics, moral values and moral reasoning, theories of ethics (deontological, consequentialist, virtue ethics), ethical dilemmas, role of conscience, integrity and character building. Unit III: Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility — Professional ethics in science and technology, academic integrity, research ethics, plagiarism, social responsibility of scientists and professionals, environmental ethics, sustainable development and responsibility. Unit IV: Indian Values and Constitutional Values — Indian philosophical traditions and their value systems, Gandhian values, constitutional values — justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, fundamental duties, national integration, communal harmony and tolerance.

English Language and Communication: Level 1 (AEC-1 | 240/ENG/AE101) — 2 Credits | 50 Marks (15 Internal + 35 External) | Duration: 3 hrs. This Ability Enhancement Course builds foundational English language skills including reading, writing, grammar, and basic communication for academic contexts. Unit I: Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary — Reading strategies, identifying main ideas and supporting details, inference and interpretation, vocabulary building through context, synonyms, antonyms, and word formation. Unit II: Grammar Essentials — Parts of speech, tenses and their correct usage, subject-verb agreement, articles and prepositions, active and passive voice, direct and indirect speech, sentence structure and common errors. Unit III: Writing Skills — Paragraph writing, essay writing (descriptive, narrative, expository), note-making, summarizing, formal and informal letter writing. Unit IV: Communication Skills — Listening comprehension, speaking skills — pronunciation, fluency, and accuracy, group discussion basics, presentation skills, telephone and email communication.

MDC Options – Semester 1 (Choose One from Pool):

Introduction to Indian History and Culture-I (240/HIS/MD101) — 3 Credits | 75 Marks (Theory External 50 + Internal 25 marks). This course covers ancient and early medieval India. Unit I: Prehistoric India, Harappan (Indus Valley) Civilization — town planning, economy, society, religion; decline of Harappan civilization. Unit II: Vedic Age — Rig Vedic and later Vedic periods, political and social organization, economy and religion; rise of Mahajanapadas, life of Mahavira and the Buddha, rise of Jainism and Buddhism. Unit III: Maurya and Gupta Empires — Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka and his Dhamma, administration, art and architecture; Gupta Empire — political history, golden age of science, literature, and art. Unit IV: Post-Gupta period, regional kingdoms, Arab and Turkish invasions, cultural and scientific contributions of ancient India in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy.

Understanding Psychology (240/PSY/MD101) — 3 Credits | 75 Marks. An introduction to the science of psychology covering its history, major perspectives, biological bases of behaviour, perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, personality, and social influences on behaviour.

Introduction to Computer Science (Minor | 240/CS/MI101) — 2 Credits | 50 Marks (15 Internal + 35 External) | Duration: 3 hrs. This Minor Course introduces students to the fundamentals of computer science, digital systems, and basic programming concepts. Unit I: Introduction to Computers — History and generations of computers, components of a computer system, classification of computers, input/output devices, memory hierarchy, storage devices, software concepts (system software vs. application software). Unit II: Digital Logic and Number Systems — Number systems (binary, octal, hexadecimal), conversions, binary arithmetic, Boolean algebra, logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR), truth tables, basic combinational circuits. Unit III: Operating Systems and Networks — Introduction to operating systems, types of operating systems, functions of OS, introduction to computer networks, types of networks (LAN, WAN, MAN), internet and its services, basic concepts of cybersecurity. Unit IV: Introduction to Programming — Problem solving using algorithms and flowcharts, introduction to programming concepts, variables, data types, control structures (if-else, loops), introduction to Python or C programming with simple examples.

Electricity and Magnetism (CC-4 | 240/PHYP/CC201) — Course ID: 240/PHYP/CC201 | Max Marks: 50 | Internal Assessment: 25 | Credit: 3 (45 Hrs) | Time: 3 hrs. The paper consists of nine questions; Q1 is compulsory (five short-answer parts, each 2 marks) and the remaining eight questions are set in pairs from each unit; students attempt one from each pair. The question paper contains 20% numerical problems. Unit I: Electrostatics and Vector Analysis — Scalar and vector fields, differentiation of vectors, gradient of a scalar and its physical significance, vector integration, line integral, surface integral, volume integral, Gauss’s Divergence Theorem, Stokes’ Theorem, electric field, electric field lines, divergence and curl of electrostatic fields, electric potential, derivation of electric field from potential, Laplace equation, and Poisson equation. Important Topics: Gradient, Divergence & Curl, Gauss Divergence Theorem, Stokes Theorem, Electric Field and Electric Potential, Laplace Equation, Poisson Equation. Unit II: Gauss Law and Dielectrics — Electric flux, Gauss’s Law and its applications to spherical shells, uniformly charged infinite planes, and uniformly charged straight wires. Mechanical force on charged surfaces, energy per unit volume, polarization, dielectric materials, electric displacement, Gauss theorem in dielectrics, electrical susceptibility, permittivity, and dielectric constant. Important Topics: Gauss Law Statement and Proof, Electric Flux, Applications of Gauss Law, Polarization, Dielectric Constant, Permittivity. Unit III: Magnetostatics and Electromagnetic Induction — Lorentz force law, magnetic forces, Biot-Savart law and applications to straight conductors, circular coils, and solenoids. Divergence and curl of magnetic fields, Ampere’s Circuital Law, Faraday’s experiments, Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, induced electric field, self-inductance, mutual inductance, and energy stored in magnetic fields. Important Topics: Lorentz Force, Biot-Savart Law, Magnetic Field due to Solenoid, Ampere Circuital Law, Faraday’s Law, Self and Mutual Inductance. Unit IV: Magnetic Materials and Maxwell Equations — Magnetization vector (M), magnetic intensity (H), magnetic susceptibility, magnetic permeability, relationship between B, H, and M, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, B-H curve, hysteresis, Maxwell’s equations and their derivations, displacement current, vector and scalar potentials, boundary conditions between two media, Poynting vector, and Poynting theorem. Important Topics: Relation between B, H and M, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism and Ferromagnetism, B-H Curve and Hysteresis, Maxwell Equations, Displacement Current, Poynting Vector and Poynting Theorem. Most Important Formulae:

• Coulomb's Law: F = (1 / 4πϵ₀) × (q₁q₂ / r²)
• Gauss's Law: ∮ E · dA = Q / ϵ₀
• Lorentz Force: F = q(E + v × B)
• Faraday's Law: ε = − dΦ/dt

One-Night Revision Priority:

• Gauss Law and its Applications
• Biot-Savart Law
• Ampere Circuital Law
• Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• Maxwell Equations
• Poynting Theorem
• B-H Curve and Hysteresis
• Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism and Ferromagnetism

Most Expected Long Questions:

• Gauss Law and its Applications
• Biot-Savart Law and Magnetic Field due to Solenoid
• Ampere Circuital Law
• Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
• Maxwell Equations and their Physical Significance
• Poynting Theorem
• B-H Curve and Hysteresis Loop
• Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism and Ferromagnetism

Important Numericals:

• Electric Flux Calculations
• Applications of Gauss Law
• Coulomb's Law Problems
• Magnetic Field due to Straight Wire and Solenoid
• Self and Mutual Inductance Calculations

Algebra (CC-5 | 240/MATP/CC201) — 4 Credits | 100 Marks | Duration: 3 hrs. The examiner sets 9 questions: two from each unit plus one compulsory question (Q1) with 5 parts covering the entire syllabus. Students attempt 5 questions — Q1 compulsory and one from each unit. Mathematics (Algebra and Number Theory) — This course covers matrix theory, systems of linear equations, polynomial equations, number theory, and algebraic methods used in higher mathematics and computational applications. Unit I: Matrices — Symmetric matrices, skew-symmetric matrices, Hermitian matrices, skew-Hermitian matrices, elementary operations on matrices, rank of a matrix, inverse of a matrix, linear dependence and independence of rows and columns, row rank and column rank, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, characteristic equation of a matrix, minimal polynomial of a matrix, and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Important Topics: Rank of Matrix, Inverse of Matrix, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, Characteristic Equation, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem. Unit II: System of Linear Equations — Applications of matrices to systems of linear equations, homogeneous equations, non-homogeneous equations, consistency of linear equations, unitary matrices, orthogonal matrices, bilinear forms, and quadratic forms. Important Topics: Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous Equations, Consistency of Linear Equations, Orthogonal Matrices, Unitary Matrices, Quadratic Forms. Unit III: Theory of Equations — Relation between roots and coefficients, general polynomial equations in one variable, solutions of polynomial equations under conditions on roots, common roots and multiple roots, transformation of equations, nature of roots, and Descartes' Rule of Signs. Important Topics: Relation between Roots and Coefficients, Common and Multiple Roots, Transformation of Equations, Descartes' Rule of Signs, Nature of Roots. Unit IV: Number Theory and Cubic Equations — Solution of cubic equations using Cardan's Method, divisibility, greatest common divisor (GCD), least common multiple (LCM), prime numbers, and the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. Important Topics: Cardan's Method, GCD and LCM, Divisibility, Prime Numbers, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.

Chemistry-II (CC-6 | 240/CHEP/CC201) — 4 Credits | 100 Marks (25 Internal Theory + 50 External Theory + 5 Practical Internal + 20 Practical External) | Duration: 3 hrs. This course covers advanced chemical bonding, hydrocarbons, and the physical and structural chemistry of gases, liquids, and solids. Course Objectives:

• Understand various theories of chemical bonding.
• Study alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds in terms of synthesis and reactivity.
• Develop knowledge of kinetic theory of gases and associated concepts.
• Understand ideal gas equations and deviations from ideal behavior.
• Learn physical properties of liquids and intermolecular interactions.
• Understand crystallography, crystal structures, close packing, and bonding in solids.

Course Outcomes:

• Understand bonding theories associated with atoms and molecules.
• Explain synthesis and reactions of hydrocarbons.
• Analyze physical properties of gases and liquids.
• Understand crystallography, crystal defects, and solid-state structures.

Unit I: Chemical Bonding – Part II — Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory and applications to NH₃, H₃O⁺, SF₄, ClF₃, H₂O, SnCl₂, ClO₃⁻, and ICl₂⁻. Molecular Orbital Theory of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules (N₂, O₂, C₂, CO, NO), bond order, bond length, bond energy, multiple bonding (σ and π bonds), covalent character in ionic compounds, polarizing power, polarizability, and Fajan’s Rules. Important Topics: VSEPR Theory, Molecular Orbital Theory, Bond Order, Bond Length, Sigma and Pi Bonds, Fajan’s Rules, Polarization Effects. Unit II: Hydrocarbons Alkanes: Introduction, Wurtz Reaction, Kolbe Reaction, Corey-House Reaction, Decarboxylation, Free Radical Substitution, Halogenation, Reactivity and Selectivity. Alkenes: Synthesis, Saytzeff and Hoffmann Elimination, Electrophilic Addition Reactions, Markovnikov and Anti-Markovnikov Addition, Oxymercuration-Demercuration, Hydroboration-Oxidation, Ozonolysis, Catalytic and Chemical Reduction, Syn and Anti Hydroxylation. Alkynes: Preparation, Acidity of Alkynes, Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions. Aromatic Compounds: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Halogenation, Nitration, Sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation, Directing Effects of Substituents. Important Topics: Wurtz Reaction, Markovnikov Rule, Hydroboration-Oxidation, Ozonolysis, Friedel-Crafts Reactions, Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Unit III: Gaseous and Liquid State — Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases, Collision Frequency, Collision Diameter, Mean Free Path, Viscosity of Gases, Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution, Molecular Velocities, Law of Equipartition of Energy, Heat Capacities, Ideal Gases, Deviations from Ideal Behavior, Van der Waals Equation, Critical State, Law of Corresponding States. Physical Properties of Liquids including Vapour Pressure, Surface Tension, Coefficient of Viscosity, Effects of Solutes and Temperature. Important Topics: Kinetic Theory of Gases, Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution, Van der Waals Equation, Critical State, Surface Tension, Viscosity. Unit IV: Solid State — Unit Cells, Miller Indices, Crystal Systems, Bravais Lattices, Vector Applications in Crystallography, X-Ray Diffraction, Bragg’s Law, Crystal Structures of NaCl, CsCl, KCl, Diamond and Graphite, Close Packing in Solids, Semiconductors, Insulators, Crystal Defects, Lattice Energy, Isomorphism, Heat Capacity of Solids. Important Topics: Miller Indices, Bravais Lattices, Bragg’s Law, X-Ray Diffraction, Crystal Structures, Close Packing, Crystal Defects. Practical Syllabus

• Acid-Base Titrations and Estimations.
• Detection of Extra Elements (N, S, Cl, Br, I) in Organic Compounds.
• Preparation of Dibenzalacetone from Acetone and Benzaldehyde.
• Preparation of 2,4-DNP Derivatives.
• pH Metric Titrations (Strong Acid–Strong Base, Weak Acid–Strong Base).
• Conductometric Titrations.

Evaluation Scheme:

• Theory: 75 Marks (50 External + 25 Internal)
• Practical: 25 Marks (20 External + 5 Internal)
• Total: 100 Marks

Question Paper Pattern:

• Total 9 Questions.
• Question No. 1 is compulsory and covers all units.
• Two questions are set from each unit.
• Students attempt 5 questions in total, including the compulsory question.
• All questions carry equal marks.
• Log table and non-programmable calculator are permitted.

Basics of Programming (SEC-2 | 240/PHY/SE201-A) — 2 Credits | 50 Marks (Internal Assessment: 5 marks | External Exam: 20 marks | Practical Internal: 5 marks | Practical External: 20 marks) | Time: 3 hrs. This Skill Enhancement Course introduces Python programming with a focus on physical science applications. Course Objective: Grasping fundamental programming concepts and Python syntax — understanding how to declare and use variables, recognize different data types (integers, floats, strings, booleans), and perform basic arithmetic, string concatenation, and logical operations. This foundation enables students to write and understand basic Python code effectively. Unit I: Basics of Python — Introduction to Python, Python Interpreter, the print() statement, variables and assignments, strings, comments and docstrings, debugging techniques, user input, data types, and data type conversion. Unit II: Operations and Data Structures — Arithmetic and other operations in Python, lists and list operations, comparison operations, logical operations, and practical programming exercises including mathematical operations, Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion, and solving quadratic equations. Unit III: Control Flow and Iteration — Control flow concepts including sequencing, iteration, and selection. Looping constructs using for and while loops. Conditional statements including if, if-else, and elif. Use of break and continue statements, ranges, and practical programs such as Simple Harmonic Motion, Motion of a Ball under Gravity, and Projectile Motion simulations. Unit IV: Functions and Advanced Data Structures — Built-in functions, list functions, string functions, user-defined functions, dictionaries and dictionary functions, tuples, sets, and list comprehensions. Practical programming exercises including building a simple calculator, implementing Ohm's Law calculations, and power calculation programs. References: Python Crash Course by Eric Matthes (No Starch Press, 2nd ed., 2019); Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science by John Zelle; Computation Physics: Problem Solving with Python by Landau, Páez & Bordeianu (Wiley VCH, 2015). Basics of Programming Lab: Marks (External): 20 | Marks (Internal Assessment): 05 | Credits: 1 (30 Hrs) | Time: 3 Hrs. Each student should perform at least five experiments; students are required to calculate the error involved in a particular experiment.

Environmental Studies (VAC-2 | 240/EVS/VA201) — 2 Credits | 50 Marks | Theory: 35 marks | Internal Assessment: 15 marks | Duration: 3 hrs. This mandatory Value Added Course for UG programmes develops environmental awareness and sustainable thinking. Course Code: 240/EVS/VA201. Course Objective: To provide students with an understanding of environmental systems, ecological processes, natural resources, population growth, sustainable development, and environmental issues. The course helps students develop environmental awareness, critical thinking, and responsible attitudes toward environmental protection and sustainability. Course Learning Outcomes:

• Gain knowledge about natural processes and resources that sustain life and the economy.
• Understand the consequences of human actions on the environment and quality of life.
• Develop critical thinking for environmental protection using scientific, social, economic, and legal approaches.
• Explain sustainable development, its goals, targets, challenges, and strategies.

Unit I: Basic Concepts of Environment — Environment: definition and significance, habitat and ecological niche, biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. Factors affecting the environment including abiotic factors (light, temperature, humidity, and topography) and biotic factors (microorganisms, animals, plants, and humans). Sources of energy including renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Important Topics: Environment and Ecosystem, Habitat and Ecological Niche, Biosphere, Abiotic and Biotic Factors, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources. Unit II: Ecosystem — Ecosystem definition, types and functions, energy flow in ecosystems, food chains, food webs, trophic structure, concept of productivity, biogeochemical cycles including hydrological, gaseous, and sedimentary cycles, and biological invasion and its environmental impact. Important Topics: Food Chain, Food Web, Trophic Levels, Ecosystem Functions, Biogeochemical Cycles, Biological Invasion. Unit III: Population and Sustainable Development — Concept of population, population density, natality, mortality, carrying capacity, growth forms, human population concerns at national and international levels, Indian efforts to control population growth, and sustainable development. Important Topics: Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Natality and Mortality, Human Population Issues, Sustainable Development. Unit IV: Environmental Pollution — Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, plastic pollution, marine pollution, solid waste management, ozone depletion, global warming, and climate change. Important Topics: Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Plastic Pollution, Solid Waste Management, Ozone Depletion, Global Warming, Climate Change. Examination Pattern:

• Maximum Marks: 50
• Theory Examination: 35 Marks
• Internal Assessment: 15 Marks
• Credits: 2

Question Paper Pattern:

• Total 9 Questions.
• Question No. 1 is compulsory and contains 8 short-answer questions from the entire syllabus.
• Two questions are set from each unit.
• Students must attempt one question from each unit.
• All questions carry equal marks.

English Language and Communication: Level 2 (AEC-2 | 240/ENG/AE201) — 2 Credits (Theory 2) | Total Marks: 50 | End Term Exam Marks: 35 | Internal Assessment Marks: 15 | Exam Time: 3 hrs. Course Code: B23-AEC-211 | Course Type: AEC-2 | Level: 100-199. Course Learning Outcomes: Students will be introduced to the phonetics and syllables in English (E201.1); will learn various components of speaking skills and their use in communication (E201.2); will learn the practical use of punctuation and capitalization (E201.3); will have comprehensive knowledge of tenses (E201.4). Unit I: Sounds in English Language — Phonetic symbols, understanding pronunciation symbols through dictionaries such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, and transcription of one-syllable and two-syllable English words. For visually impaired students: story development based on a given prompt or idea. Important Topics: Phonetic Symbols, Syllables, Dictionary Pronunciation Symbols, Word Transcription. Unit II: Developing Fluency in Speaking Skills — Speech making, expository speech, argumentative speech, dialogues, role plays, and group discussions for developing effective spoken communication skills. Important Topics: Expository Speech, Argumentative Speech, Group Discussion (GD), Dialogue Writing, Role Play. Unit III: Proper Use of Punctuation and Capitalization — Punctuation marks and capitalization rules used in written English communication. Important Topics: Full Stop (.), Comma (,), Question Mark (?), Exclamation Mark (!), Capitalization Rules. Unit IV: Introduction to Tenses — Present tense, past tense, future tense, and their forms and uses in English grammar. Important Topics: Simple Present Tense, Simple Past Tense, Simple Future Tense, Tense Identification and Usage. Quick Revision Topics:

• Unit I: Phonetic Symbols, Syllables, Word Transcription
• Unit II: Expository Speech, Argumentative Speech, Group Discussion, Role Play
• Unit III: Punctuation Marks, Capitalization Rules
• Unit IV: Present, Past and Future Tenses, Forms and Uses

MDC Options – Semester 2 (Choose One from Pool):

Introduction to Indian History and Culture-II (240/HIS/MD201) — 3 Credits | Maximum Marks: 75 (TE + TI + PE + PI = 50 + 25 + 0 + 0) | Time Allowed: 3 hrs. Course Code: MDC-2, (240/HIS/MD/201). Unit I: Mughal Empire, Maratha Empire and Advent of Europeans — The Mughal Empire and its important rulers including Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. Mughal administration, Mansabdari system, economy, society, and culture. Rise of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji, Maratha administration, military organization, and economy. Advent of European powers in India including the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English, and the establishment of the British East India Company. Unit II: British Conquest and Socio-Religious Reform Movements — British conquest of India through major battles including the Battle of Plassey (1757) and Battle of Buxar (1764), and the consolidation of British power. Socio-religious reform movements including Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, and the Theosophical Society. Contributions of important reformers such as :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} and :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}. Revolt of 1857: causes, course, consequences, and its impact on British policies. Unit III: Indian National Movement — Early nationalists and the Moderate Phase of the Indian National Movement. Rise of Extremists including :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}, :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}, and :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}. The Gandhi Era including the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement. Contributions of :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} and the Indian National Army (INA). Partition of India and Independence. Unit IV: Indian Culture and Heritage — Indian art and architecture with special reference to Mughal architecture, colonial architecture, and post-independence developments. Literature including medieval Persian literature, Indian Writing in English, and regional literature. Music and dance traditions including folk music and folk dances. Religion and philosophy with emphasis on modern religious movements. Developments in science and technology during medieval and modern India.

Psychology of Abnormal Behavior (240/PSY/MD201) — 3 Credits | 75 Marks. An introduction to psychological disorders covering definitions and models of abnormality, major categories of mental disorders (anxiety disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders), causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.

Introduction to Data Science (Minor | 240/CS/MI201) — Course Code: MIC-2 | Category: Minor Course | Course ID: 240/CS/MI201 | 2 Credits | 50 Marks (Theory Internal: 15 marks | Theory External: 35 marks) | Duration: 2 hrs. This Minor Course introduces data science fundamentals including data types, Python basics, and data analysis using NumPy, Pandas, and visualization tools. Exam Note: The examiner will set nine questions in total. Question one will have seven parts from all units and the marks of the first question will be 20% of total marks of the Question Paper. The remaining eight questions are set by taking two questions from each unit, each carrying 20% of total marks. Students attempt five questions in total, the first being compulsory and selecting one from each unit. Course Objectives: To explore data types, Python fundamentals, special data formats, and advanced data manipulation using NumPy, Pandas, and data visualization tools for effective data analysis and presentation. Unit I: Data Types and Big Data — Understanding data, types of data, data evaluation, data sources, preparing and gathering data, digital data, introduction to big data, sources of big data, and characteristics of big data including Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity, and Value. Important Topics: Types of Data, Data Sources, Big Data, Characteristics of Big Data (5 V's). Unit II: Python Fundamentals — Python program execution environment, Python statements, expressions, flow control statements, functions, and scope of variables. Important Topics: Python Execution Environment, Control Statements (if, loops), Functions, Scope of Variables. Unit III: Python Data Structures — Lists and list methods, tuples and tuple methods, arrays, dictionaries and dictionary methods, sets and related methods, strings, and string processing methods. Important Topics: List and List Methods, Tuples, Dictionaries, Sets, String Functions. Unit IV: NumPy, Pandas and Data Visualization — Introduction to NumPy, features of NumPy, mathematical and statistical functions, nd-arrays, introduction to Pandas, features of Pandas, Series data structure, DataFrames, creation and manipulation of DataFrames. Data visualization using Matplotlib including graph plotting, legends, colors, and labels. Introduction to Seaborn, Plotly, and Dash packages for advanced visualization. Important Topics: NumPy Features, ndArray, Pandas Series, DataFrame Creation and Manipulation, Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly.